SGLT 2 inhibitors in kidney disease
R. Balasubramaniyam*, Balaji Kirushnan
Department of Nephrology, Kauvery Hospital, Chennai
*Correspondence: rbskidneydr@gmail.com
Introduction
It is interesting to note that kidneys play an important role in contributing to blood glucose pool. In the fasting and in post absorptive state kidneys add 10–50 g of glucose (20–25% of the glucose released into the circulation). In the post prandial state (4 to 5 h after meal) kidneys are responsible for 60% of the endogenous glucose release (70 g). This quantum increases in diabetes by 30 %.
With 125 ml GFR per min, the kidneys filter about 180 g of glucose and of this only 500 mg is excreted. This means that almost 99% of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed. This happens due to the presence of sodium glucose transporters (SGLT). There are two important transporters – SGLT1 that is predominantly located in the intestines that are responsible for glucose absorption and also in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule that reabsorbs 10% of the filtered glucose. SGLT2 is located in the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubule that reabsorbs 90% of the filtered glucose. The glucose, once it enters the proximal tubular cells, exits by the GLUT transporters that are located on the basolateral membrane [1].
Fig. 1 Glucose transport across the proximal tubular cells
This makes inhibition of SGLT2 an important target for controlling blood glucose levels (Fig.1).
Search of A New Renoprotective Drug
It has been a continuous search towards finding out new drugs that help in retarding the progression of CKD. The introduction of ACE inhibitors and ARB was a big boon, but beyond this no therapeutic strategies succeeded, until SGLT2 inhibitors were used. By blocking the glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, these drugs
- Cause osmotic diuresis thereby helps in removal of excess water (beneficial in patients with concomitant heart failure).
- Increase in distal sodium delivery.
- They cause afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction, thereby decreasing proteinuria.
- Though there is initial decline in GFR, this stabilizes over a period of time and in the long run the GFR is better maintained.
- It increases erythropoietin secretion by causing afferent arteriolar constriction and producing glomerular ischemia.
- Blood pressure is better controlled, as it causes sodium loss.
- These agents do not cause hypoglycemia, as they do not interfere with insulin release. It has made inroads into being used in non-diabetic individuals also.
- Since glucose is excreted, the body has to mobilize the endogenous sources of energy that leads to weight loss.
- It is also supposed to decrease arterial stiffness and inflammation.
Some of the adverse effects due to these drugs are – increase in genital and urinary tract infections due to excessive urinary glucose, volume depletion, euglycemic ketoacidosis.
EMPA – REG trial
Compared empagliflozin10 and 25 mg with placebo. Patients with DM and eGFR > 30ml m-1 were included. The primary outcomes were – death from CVD, non-fatal MI and non- fatal stroke. Empagliflozin proved to be superior to placebo [2] (Fig. 2).
Fig 2. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes.
The secondary endpoints of this study also looked into the renal outcomes. The conclusions are
- Incident or worsening nephropathy for empagliflozin vs placebo: 12.7% vs 18.8%, HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.53–0.70; p < 0.001.
- Doubling of serum creatinine: 1.5% vs 2.6%, p < 0.001.
- Progression to macroalbuminuria: 11.2% vs 16.2%, p < 0.001.
- Initiation of renal replacement therapy: 0.3% vs 0.6%, p = 0.04.
This is one of the initial studies that proved that empagliflozin is beneficial in patients with heart and kidney diseases. Also, the beneficial effects of empagliflozin are seen regardless of the usage of ACEI/ARB, CCB, diuretics and NSAIDs.
CANVAS/CANVAS-R trial (canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type II diabetes).
This trial involved integration of two programs that used canagliflozin with placebo in patients with diabetes and with increased cardiovascular risk. Apart from the cardio vascular benefits, renal benefits in the form of reduction in proteinuria, the sustained reduction in GFR, the need for renal replacement therapy or death from renal causes occurred less frequently in Canagliflozin group, compared to placebo (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes.
EMPA-REG trial: here too it is proven that canagliflozin is superior to placebo, not in cardio vascular protection, but also in renal protection [3].
Credence trial: Patients with type II DM, with eGFR 30–90 and with proteinuria more than 300–5000 mg per day, who were already on maximum dose of ARB/ACEI were randomized to receive canagliflozin vs placebo, primary endpoints were ESRD, doubling of serum creatinine, death from renal or cardio vascular causes. Like other trials, credence also proved the beneficial effects of canagliflozin.
The reduction in risk of primary endpoints reduced by 30%, canagliflozin also reduced the rate of decline of GFR by 2.7 ml per min per year. These effects are seen across different ranges of GFR.
The importance of this trial, is that the beneficial effects are seen beyond the maximum dose of ACEI/ARB. This is a clear proof of benefit of canagliflozin in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Also, the patients chosen here are with macroproteinuria including nephrotic range proteinuria [4] (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Credence trial – outcomes
DAPA – CKD trial: Dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease.
This is the first trial to use Gliflozins in non-diabetic individuals, as these drugs don’t cause hypoglycemia. Also patients with lower GFR (25–70 ml per min) were included with macroproteinuria (200–5000 mg). it is a multicentric trial and patients were randomized to receive dapagliflozin 10 mg to placebo. 67.5% were diabetic and 32.5% were non-diabetics.
Fig 5. DAPA – CKD trial outcomes.
Table 1. Primary and secondary outcomes and adverse events of speed interest.
During a median follow-up of 2.4 years, there were 197 primary endpoint events with dapagliflozin and 312 with placebo. The hazard ratio (HR) for the primary endpoint was 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51–0.72; p = 0.000000028). The benefit of dapagliflozin on the primary endpoint was consistent in patients with and without type 2 diabetes [5] (Fig.5, Table 1).
Dapagliflozin reduced all three secondary endpoints compared to placebo. The HRs were
- Worsening renal function or death from kidney failure 0.56 (95% CI 0.45–0.68; p < 0.0001).
- Hospitalisation for heart failure or cardiovascular death 0.71 (95% CI 0.55–0.92; p = 0.0089).
- All-cause mortality 0.69 (95% CI 0.53–0.88; p = 0.0035).
Recently there had been a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 (glucagon like peptide 1) in patients with diabetes with variable renal and cardio vascular risks. Total of 726 trials were reviewed and concluded that both these classes of drugs lowered all-cause mortality, cardio vascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction and kidney failure [6].
Conclusions
It is interesting to note that SGLT2 inhibitors beyond diabetic control has emerged as the major treatment with cardio vascular and renal benefits. Every trial has proven their role in reducing their superiority over placebo in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with cardio vascular and renal diseases. These drugs would get positioned as high as ACEI/ARB and will form an essential part of patients with chronic kidney disease – both in diabetic as well as nondiabetic patients.
References:
- John P, Wilding H. Metabolism. 2014;63(10):1228–1237.
- Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117–2128.
- Neal B, Perkovic V. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:644–657.
- Perkovic V, Jardine MJ. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:2295–2306.
- Heerspink HJL. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1436–1446.
- Palmer SC, Tendal B. Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ. 2021.
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- The bleeding windpipe
- Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 23 and 24
- The Consultation Room
- Diagnostic Image
- Recommended Readings
- Editorial
- Editorial Board
- Physician, Protect thyself
- Foetal Medicine, the Future is here!
- Japanese Encephalitis: A common menace
- Carpometacarpal dislocation with impending compartment syndrome
- Heterotopic pregnancy
- Femoral Trochantric and Proximal Humerus Fracture, from Diagnosis to Rehabilitation
- My Father’s Heart Block
- EPS page
- CRT CSP Cases
- Journal scan
- Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 25 and 26
- The Consultation Room
- Recommended Readings
- Editorial
- Editorial Board
- Multiple Sclerosis: An overview
- A flower born to blush unseen
- Guest Editorial
- Radio-frequency ablation as an effective treatment strategy in a case of VT storm post STEMI
- Lymphatic malformation of tongue
- Bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation in epilepsy: A case report and review of literature
- An unusual cause of Stridor
- Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) – the magic bullets: A review of therapeutic applications and its future perspectives
- Write the Talk
- Press release and Comments
- Probability Distribution of Bernoulli Trials
- Journal Scan
- Recommended Readings
- poem-v4i4
- Editorial
- Editorial Board
- Research
- Research
- Lambda-cyhalothrin and pyrethrin poisoning: A case report
- Good Enough
- The Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): the beginning
- Comprehensive trauma course 2022: Trauma Management & Kauvery
- Comprehensive trauma course 2022: Introduction to Comprehensive trauma course
- Diagnostic Image
- Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 27 and 28
- The Consultation Room
- Recommended Readings
- Poem
- Editorial
- The Brave New World of Anaesthesia
- Anesthetic considerations in Wilson’s disease for fess: A case report
- The painful story behind modern anaesthesia
- Anesthesia considerations for Ankyslosing Spondylitis
- Total intravenous anaesthesia: An overview
- Risk stratification for cardiac patients coming for non-cardiac surgeries
- The Anaesthesiologist’s role in fluoroscopic guided epidural steroid injections for low back pain
- Awake Craniotomy
- Malpositioned central venous catheter: Step wise approach to avoid, identify and manage
- Benefits outweighing risk: Neuraxial anaesthesia in a patient with Spina Bifida with operated Meningomyelocele
- Pain free CABG: newer horizon of minimally invasive cardiothoracic surgery a walk through anaesthesiologist perspective
- Stellate Ganglion Block: A bridge to cervical sympathectomy in refractory Long QT Syndrome
- Venous Malformation in Upper Airway – Anesthetic Challenges and Management: A Case Report
- Editorial
- USG guided peripheral nerve block in surgery for hernia
- Anaesthesia and morbid obesity: A systematic review
- Patient-Controlled Analgesia
- Parapharyngeal abscess of face and neck: Anesthetic management
- 3D TEE, a boon for the diagnosis of Left Atrial Appendage thrombus!
- Anaesthetic management of difficult airway due to retropharyngeal abscess and cervical spondylosis
- Expect the unexpected – Breach in continuous nerve block catheter
- Lignocaine nasal spray: An easy remedy for Post Dural Puncture Headache
- Potassium permanganate poisoning and airway oedema
- Angioedema following anti-snake venom administration
- Editorial
- Editorial Board
- Ra Fx ablation of Atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardia
- Pace and Ablate Strategy: Conduction system pacing with AV junction ablation for drug refractory atrial arrhythmia – A novel approach
- Why Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) For complete heart block? A case discussion
- Pacemakers and Bradyarrhythmias in Diabetic Mellitus
- Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty in patients aged 70 years and above
- An approach to CBC for practitioners
- Acute cerebral sinus venous thrombosis with different presentations and different outcomes: A case series
- Diet and nutritional care for DDLT: A case study
- Vaccine for Dengue (Dengvaxia CYD-TDV)
- Diagnostic Image
- Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 31 and 32
- Recommended Readings
- காவிரித்தாய்
- ATLAS OF HAEMATOLOGY AND HEMATOONCOLOGY
- Editorial
- Editorial Board
- Case reports and Case series:
- Usefulness of NEWS 2 score in monitoring patients with cytokine storm of COVID-19 pneumonia
- Treatment approach for extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB)
- Modified Lichtenstein mesh repair, for a patient of Coronary Artery Disease, Heart Failure and with Implanted Cardioverter- Defibrillator
- Fever-induced Brugada Syndrome
- Pulmonary Thrombo Embolism: When to Thrombolyse?
- Ultra-Short Case Report
- Learning from the failure of Nebacumab
- Journal scan
- Learning From Experience Intra Operative Chapters 29 and 30
- Recommended Readings
- Poem
- Editorial
- Editorial Board
- Heart transplantation: Life beyond the end of life
- Azithromycin to Prevent Sepsis or Death in Women Planning a Vaginal
- Medial retropharyngeal nodal region sparing radiotherapy versus standard radiotherapy
- Proximie: Patient safety in surgery – the urgent need for reform
- Analysis of femoral neck fracture in octogenarians and its management
- Adult Immunisation in Clinical Practice: A Neglected Life Saver
- “Icing” The Eyes
- Doppler vascular mapping in Arterio Venous Fistula (AVF)
- Cosmesis and cure: Radiotherapy in basal cell carcinoma of the dorsum of nose – A case report
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Portal Hypertension
- Comprehensive review of Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity
- Statistics – Data Collection – Case Study Method
- Atlas of Haematology and Hematooncology
- PRE-OPERATIVE Chapters 1 and 2 – Learning from Experience
- Chapter 2. Uncertainties in medicine in spite of advances
- No Splendid Child
- Editorial
- Editorial Board
- A Young Girl Lost in the Storm
- ECMO as a bridge to Transplant: A case report
- Renal anemia – from bench to bedside
- Mission Possible
- New kids on the block – Update on diabetic nephropathy therapy
- Infections – Trade off in Transplants
- To Give Or Not to Give – Primer on Bicarbonate Therapy
- Sialendoscopy: Shifting paradigms in treatment of salivary gland disease
- Gait imbalance in a senior due to Chronic Immune Sensory Polyneuropathy (CISP)
- Statistics – Mcnemar Test
- Atlas Of Haematology And Hematooncology
- PRE-OPERATIVE Chapters 3 and 4 – Learning from Experience
- Changing trends a challenge to the already trained
- Journal scan
- Recommended Readings
- EDITORIAL
- EDITORIAL BOARD
- PREGNANCY POST-RENAL TRANSPLANT
- BALLOON-OCCLUDED RETROGRADE TRANSVENOUS OBLITERATION
- REVERSE SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY FOR ROTATOR CUFF ARTHROPATHY
- THE AMBUSH A TEAM APPROACH
- ENDOSCOPIC TRANS-SPHENOID APPROACH FOR PITUITARY ADENOMA EXCISION
- A STUDY ON PRESENTATION AND OUTCOME OF BULL GORE INJURIES IN A GROUP OF TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS
- A CASE OF INTERNUCLEAR OPHTHALMOPARESIS AS THE FIRST MANIFESTATION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
- GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGITIS AND LUNG INVOLVMENT (WEGENER’S DISEASE)
- RITUXIMAB (RITUXAN, MABTHERA) IN THE TREATMENT OF B-CELL NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
- STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
- Atlas Of Haematology And Hematooncology
- PRE-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 5 AND 6 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
- Chapter 4: Diagnostic process often reversed
- Journal scan: A review of 25 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
- Recommended Readings
- ஆரோக்கியம் நம் கையில்
- வெற்றியின் பாதை
- Editorial
- Editorial Board
- Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a multi-speciality hospital orthopaedic outpatient clinic
- Esomeprazole induced Hypoglycemia
- Dynamic external fixator for unstable intra articular fractures of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP): “Suzuki” frame
- How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? A Practical Guide, Springer Nature, 2022
- WINTNCON 2022 – Scientific Program
- Pulmonary Thrombo Embolism: A state of the art review
- Role of Artificial Intelligence in improving EHR/EMR and Medical Coding and billing
- Monoclonal Antibodies: Edrecolomab and Abciximab
- Atlas of haematology and hematooncology
- Journal scan
- Learning from Experience – Intra Operative, Chapters 31 and 32
- What doctors must learn: Doctor, look beyond science
- Recommended Readings
- I Whisper Secrets In My Ear
- EDITORIAL
- Instructions for Authors
- Mismatched Haploidentical Bone Marrow Transplantation in a 10-year-old boy with relapsed refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia, at Trichy
- ST-Segment Elevation is not always Myocardial Infarction
- Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease, repaired, evolves into a Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease and presents with an atrial tachycardia
- Family medicine – caring for you for the whole of your life. A Lost and Found Art
- The Principles and Practice of Family Medicine
- Complete Heart Block
- Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS)
- The First Ever National Award Comes to Kauvery Hospital Chennai & Heart City for Safety and Workforce Category in IMC RBNQA Milestone Merits Recognition 2022
- Diagnostic Image
- PRE-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 7 AND 7 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
- Chapter 5: Super-specialist – boon or bane
- Journal scan: A review of 42 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
- RECOMMENDED READINGS
- நேரம் ஒதுக்கு
- மருத்துவரின் மகத்துவம்
- EDITORIAL
- Instructions for Authors
- Surgical Management of Covid-19 Associated Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral-Mucormycosis (Ca-Rocm) – A Single Centre Experience
- Knee Joint Preservation Surgeries
- Guest Editorial Comments
- Ventricular Septal (VSR) closure with ASD device
- Newer Calcium Debulking Angioplasty technique of Orbital Atherectomy
- An hour-long CPR to restart the heart
- VT or SVT with aberrancy?
- Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor (PitNET)
- VSD Device Closure
- PDA Device Closure
- Iron Deficiency Anemia, Post MVR
- Torsades de Pointes
- Quality improvement project to Reducing the Malnutrition Rate of ICU patients from 43% to 20%
- Long term use of Amiodarone in Cardiac patients: A Clinical Audit
- Statistical Independent Events and Probability
- PERI-OPERATIVE Chapters 9 and 10 – Learning from Experience
- Journal scan: A review of 40 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
- EDITORIAL
- Kauverian Medical Journal
- First da Vinci Robotic Surgery in Carcinoma Prostate: A Case Report
- Black burden or Taylor the saviour: A case report
- Analysis of differences in Oncology practice between the United Kingdom and India
- A Case of Takayasu Arteritis
- Idiopathic Dilated Pulmonary Artery (IDPA)
- ECG Atlas
- Unusual cause of Dysphagia: A case report
- Tu Youyou: The scientist who discovered artemisinin
- Continuing Nursing Education (CNE) on Risk assessment tools, to assess vulnerable patients at Kauvery Hospital, Tennur
- DIAGNOSTIC IMAGE
- PRE-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 11 AND 12 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
- OLD AND NEW – MAKE THE BEST OF THE TWO
- Journal scan: A review of 30 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
- Recommended Readings
- EDITORIAL
- INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS
- A pregnant patient with DKA, septic shock and a lactate mystery
- Radical Thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis through Partial Sternotomy approach: A report on three patients
- In-utero blood transfusion in two etiologically distinct anaemic fetus
- RARE CAUSE OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
- Acute Rheumatic fever is still an enigma
- A remarkable journey: Managing LQTS in a 43-year-old female with recurrent syncope and seizure
- An unusual case of Acute Coronary Syndrome
- Reversible cause of severe LV Dysfunction in Left Bundle Branch Block
- A case study on Rhino-Orbital-Cerebro- Mucormycosis
- Snakebite and its management
- Total Elbow arthroplasty in Post Traumatic arthritis
- Wellens Syndrome: An ECG finding not to miss!
- Dr. C.R. Rao Wins Top Statistics Award a look back at his pioneering work
- PRE-OPERATIVE Chapters 13 and 14 – Learning from Experience
- Chapter 7. Doctor-patient relationship
- Journal scan: A review of 30 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
- EDITORIAL
- INSTRUCTION TO AUTHORS
- FROZEN ELEPHANT TRUNK (FET) PROCEDURE IN A 52 YEARS OLD CHRONIC AORTIC DISSECTION PATIENT
- DIAGNOSING AND MANAGING EISENMENGER SYNDROME IN A YOUNG MALE
- STEMI EQUIVALENT BUT STEMI!
- TEMPORARY HEAL CAN POSSIBLY KILL!
- UNDERSTANDING PUBERTY
- THE IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS IN HEALTHCARE
- JOURNAL SCAN: A REVIEW OF 44 RECENT PAPERS OF IMMEDIATE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, HARVESTED FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS
- DIAGNOSTIC IMAGE
- PRE-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 15 AND 16 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
- CHAPTER 8. DOCTOR-DOCTOR RELATIONSHIP
- EDITORIAL
- GUEST EDITORIAL
- CLINICAL AUDIT: AN INTRODUCTION
- YOUNG ACS AUDIT
- CLINICAL AUDIT: ANAESTHESIA
- CLINICAL OUTCOME IN ICU PATIENTS
- RATE OF MALIGNANCY IN INDETERMINATE OVARIAN CYST – A PROCESS AUDIT
- PATTERNS OF NEEDLE DISPOSAL AMONG INSULIN USING PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS: AN AUDIT
- CONTINUOUS PATIENT MONITORING – LIFE SIGNS
- AGE IS JUST A NUMBER!
- SVT WITH LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK FOLLOWING GASTRECTOMY
- COMPLEX AORTIC DISSECTION WITH MULTIFACETED CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
- EDITORIAL
- POST-OPERATIVE SORE THROAT IN GA: A CONCERN
- NEONATAL HLH: OUR EXPERIENCE
- CLINICAL REVIEW MEET 16TH NOV 2023: CHALLENGES IN SETTING UP A NEW HSCT CENTRE IN A TIER-2 CITY IN INDIA
- CARDIAC BIOMARKERS: CLINICAL UTILITY
- HIRAYAMA DISEASE: A CLINICAL-RADIOLOGICAL REVIEW
- ECG AS A WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY: FOR HYPERKALEMIA
- EFFECTIVENESS OF ROOD’S APPROACH BASED PAEDIATRIC OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY MANAGEMENT: ON CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL MUSCULAR TORTICOLLIS
- ELTROMBOPAG, A NOVEL THROMBOPOIETIN (TPO) RECEPTOR AGONIST: AN OVERVIEW
- HENOCH-SCHONLEIN PURPURA
- SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND SIALADENITIS SECONDARY TO SUBMANDIBULAR CALCULUS
- LEAN HOSPITALS
- STATISTICS BLACK-SCHOLES MODEL
- PERI-OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 17 AND 18 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
- CHAPTER 9. BUILDING BLOCKS OF PATIENT CARE
- JOURNAL SCAN: A REVIEW OF 30 RECENT PAPERS OF IMMEDIATE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, HARVESTED FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS
- EDITORIAL
- INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
- ROTATHON-SERIES OF SUCCESSFUL ROTA CASES LAST 2 MONTHS: AN AUDIT
- OUTCOMES OF AKI AUDIT IN KAUVERY
- ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PANCREATITIS IN KAUVERY CANTONMENT HOSPITAL (KCN), TRICHY
- USE OF BLOOD PRODUCTS AND STEROIDS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE AT KAUVERY TRICHY HOSPITALS: A CLINICAL AUDIT
- A CLINICAL AUDIT: ON THE MANAGEMENT OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS WITH HIGH ANION GAP METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
- HYPOKALEMIC PARALYSIS FROM DISTAL RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (TYPE-1)
- DELAYED PRESENTATION OF INTERMEDIATE SYNDROME IN A PATIENT WITH ORGANOPHOSPHORUS POISONING: A CASE REPORT
- SCAPULA FRACTURES: DO WE NEED TO FIX THEM?
- SPONTANEOUS CSF RHINORRHEA
- DANCING WITH DIABETES: AN UNUSUAL CASE OF CHOREA HYPERGLYCEMIA BASAL GANGLIA SYNDROME
- CONVALESCENT RASH OF DENGUE
- ECG ATLAS 2
- MI MIMICKER
- PERFORATION PERITONITIS-A CASE REPORT
- APPLICATION OF EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY WITH FUNCTIONAL DIFFICULTIES: ROLE OF THE OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PRACTICE GUIDELINES
- METHOTREXATE INDUCED MUCOSITIS AND PANCYTOPENIA: A CONSEQUENCE OF MEDICATION ERROR IN A PSORIASIS PATIENT
- POST OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 1 AND 2 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
- CHAPTER 10. NURTURING SELF
- விடாமுயற்சி வெற்றி தரும்
- JOURNAL SCAN: A REVIEW OF 26 RECENT PAPERS OF IMMEDIATE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, HARVESTED FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS
- EDITORIAL
- EDITORIAL BOARD
- LIMB SALVAGE IN EXTREMITY VASCULAR TRAUMA: OUR EXPERIENCE
- MANAGEMENT OF URETHRAL CATHETER RELATED PAIN IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS: A CLINICAL AUDIT
- NO PAIN VEIN GAIN WITH PRILOX IN PAEDIATRIC POPULATION
- GUIDELINE-DIRECTED MEDICAL TREATMENT (GDMT) OF HEART FAILURE AT KAUVERY HOSPITALS: A CLINICAL AUDIT
- PATIENTS STORY: DIGNITY MATTERS
- PATIENTS STORY: DIGNITY MATTERS
- VIDEO PRESENTATION- CT CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
- DRUG INDUCED HYPERKALEMIA
- ADULT NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
- EXPLORING COMPLEX CARDIAC CASES: INSIGHTS FROM DIVERSE PRESENTATIONS IN MID-AGED WOMEN
- EFFECTIVENESS OF ACTIVITY CONFIGURATION APPROACH BASED OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL MUSCULAR TORTICOLLIS: A CASE STUDY
- CARDIOMYOPATHY AND ITS ECHO FINDINGS
- THE STRESS TEST ON THE TREADMILL
- POST OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 3 AND 4 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
- CHAPTER 11. BALANCE IN LIFE BEYOND BANK BALANCES
- JOURNAL SCAN: A REVIEW OF 30 RECENT PAPERS OF IMMEDIATE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, HARVESTED FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS
- காணும் பொங்கலும் மனித மன மாற்றமும்
- EDITORIAL
- INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
- PREVALENCE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE SEROTYPES IN AND AROUND TRICHY AND ITS CLINICAL RELEVANCE
- ANAESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH HUGE GOITER: A CASE REPORT
- EUGLYCEMIC DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS A RARE CAUSE FOR DELAYED EXTUBATION
- SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY IN ASD PATIENT – COMPLICATED BY SEVERE PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
- ENDOCRINE COMPLICATION OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETING TUMOR: A CASE REPORT
- EFFICACY OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES OF PAEDIATRIC OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ON ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS: A CASE REPORT
- POST OPERATIVE CHAPTERS 5 AND 6 – LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
- CHAPTER 12. MILES TO GO – BEFORE TEACHING BECOMES LEARNING
- JOURNAL SCAN: A REVIEW OF 26 RECENT PAPERS OF IMMEDIATE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, HARVESTED FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS
- காவேரி – 25
- POEM – மண்ணில் பிறந்தது சாதிப்பதற்குத்தான்
- EDITORIAL
- EDITORIAL BOARD
- Audit Appraisal: An overview
- Intra Ventricular antibiotics: Our experience
- Transfusion Reactions: A clinical audit
- Postoperative pain management
- Rising concerns of Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae and the options available: An overview
- Ultrashort case report on VF storm in immediate Post CABG Period—‘Angry Purkinje Syndrome’
- Lynch syndrome, diagnostic challenges and management: A case report
- Bilateral posterior shoulder fracture – dislocation due to seizure, an uncommon injury: A case report
- Navigating amlodipine overdose: A multi-disciplinary approach in a 23 year old female
- Exploring the interplay between sleep patterns and behavioural characteristics in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- POST OPERATIVE Chapters 7 and 8 – Learning from Experience
- Chapter 13. Art of communication and counselling
- Journal scan: A review of 20 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
- மருத்துவமனையின் தேவதையே
- மருத்துவ சிந்தனை விருந்து
- Editorial
- Instructions for Authors
- Cardiac surgery in an octogenarian Indian population
- Mycotic Aortoiliac Aneurysm: A case series
- The Scorpion Block—A Sting operation
- Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A case report
- Infective endocarditis in adult congenital heart disease: A case report
- Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A case report
- Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT): A case report
- Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Dengue
- A prospective observational study on the prescription of Guideline Directed Medical Treatment (GDMT) for Heart Failure at Kauvery Heart City
- Guideline-Directed Medical Treatment (GDMT) of Heart Failure at Kauvery Hospitals: A clinical audit
- POST OPERATIVE Chapters 9 and 10 – Learning from Experience
- Chapter 14. How to keep updated in busy medical practice?
- Journal scan: A review of 15 recent papers of immediate clinical significance, harvested from major international journals
- சிந்தனையே சிறப்பு
- தோல்வியே வெற்றியின் பாதை
- Editorial
- Results of Mechanical Thrombectomy in acute stroke: A case study in a Tier 2 city in India
- A clinical audit—cost effective way of managing superficial chest wound infections post sternotomy
- Dental implants: Our experience and expertise
- A non-randomized retrospective study on the management of pediatric septic arthritis
- Analysis of femoral neck fracture in octogenarians and its management
- Airway management of a huge thyroid: A case report
- Cardiac Arrhythmias in the ER setting
- Effectiveness of tactile-spatial oriented approach based paediatric occupational therapy intervention for children with Infantile Hemiplegia
- Corporate citizenship in healthcare: Nurturing social responsibility
- Guillain-Barré syndrome: A case report
- POST OPERATIVE Chapters 11 and 12 – Learning from Experience
- Chapter 15. How to be rational in practice?
- Journal scan: Elsevier’s Medicine, Current Issue, Volume 52 Issue 6, June 2024, Seminar on Poisoning
- Recommended Readings
- இயற்கை சொல்லும் செய்தி
- Editorial
- Instructions for Authors
- A rare organism causing septic arthritis of hip joint
- ICD implant in 6 year old with Jervell and Lange-Nielsen (JLN) syndrome
- A clinical audit on Bariatric/Metabolic surgery
- Clinical audit on Nil per Oral (NPO)
- A non-randomized clinical study on heat stroke
- Stress cardiomyopathy with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in Eclampsia
- Intro-Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS): An ultra-short case report
- A 2 am Tamponade: Critical call to action
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, and in combination with JAK inhibitors: The modelling for the future
- Optimizing the patient journey in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy—Patient and clinician perspectives: Summary of CME from Medscape
- ER Intervention
- Diagnostic Images/Videos
- A randomized controlled trial: Different types of blinding
- Journal scan – June
- Journal scan – July
- Post-Operative Chapters 13, 14
- Chapter 16. How to enjoy medical practice?
- Driving business growth with 5S and lean strategies: A transformative session for corporations in the Trichy region
- Poem: 25 – வருடங்களாக காவேரி
- Editorial
- A Data Audit: Tool for Good Clinical Practice
- Ortho rehab audit at Kauvery Hospital, Trichy
- Endovascular Thrombectomy in young patient with a stroke – surgical procedure decompressive craniotomy
- Secondary HLH (Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis): An ultra-short case report
- Prone ventilation: A case series
- Dermatologic Emergencies: A case series
- Managing DKA at the ER
- Podcast – Managing DKA at the ER
- Insertion of tunneled hemodialysis catheter through the collateral vein adjacent to the thrombosed right jugular vein.
- Access failure with dysfunctional tunnelled haemodialysis catheter in the presence of exit-site infection
- Video – A multidisciplinary approach to preventing sudden cardiac death
- Dasatinib in pediatric Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: An overview
- Dyslipidemia management: Indian perspective
- Pharmacological stress testing: Assessing heart health without exercise
- Journal scan: A review of 15 Ethics with clinical significance, harvested from a major international journal
- Post-Operative Chapters 15 and 16
- Chapter 17. How to find time for the family
- Poem – உனக்காக நீ
- Editorial
- An audit: A silent disease-Osteoporosis
- An approach to antibiotic therapy: A primer for all specialties
- Audit on pediatric Cholesteatoma
- Clinical audit: ER to ICU transit time
- A case report on Multiple myeloma: Value of pre and post-treatment MRI
- Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation in 3 year old with Acute Myeloid Leukemia
- Infective endocarditis: A case series
- A Retrospective observational study on Scrub typhus paediatric population in Kauvery Hospitals, Trichy
- Clinical Pharmacy Approach: To a patient on multiple anticonvulsants for “Difficult to control’’ seizure disorder
- An analysis of the Urea to Creatinine Ratio (UCR) in different cardiac surgeries
- Journal scan – 1
- Journal Scan – 2
- Post-Operative Chapters 17 and 18
- Chapter 18. How to be legally safe in medical practice?
- Poem – காவேரியின் மாரத்தான்
- Poem – ஆரோக்கியம் என்னுடையது
- Editorial
- Clinical audit on antibiogram
- Renal transplantation in marrow dysfunction: A case series
- Empowering lifesavers: Impact of BLS and PALS training for PICU and critical care nurses
- Myotonia congenita: A case series
- Utilization of Inj. Sovateltide: A novel injectable formulation
- Retroperitoneal sarcoma: A report of two cases
- Traumatic simultaneous bilateral femur and tibia shaft fracture in an 8-year-old male child: An unusual case report
- Echocardiography in the assessment of shock
- Plasma combats angioedema: A case report
- A case report and video presentation on a 9-year-old boy who underwent PAPVC
- Interventional Radiology: Large gastric varices
- Interventional Radiology: A case of active PV bleeding post-D and C day 12
- Diagnostic Images: Exencephaly
- A short case report on Hyperdontia (extra teeth)
- Post-Operative Chapters 19 and 20
- Chapter 19. How to deal with incurable disease?
- CII CFO Excellence award: A recognition of exceptional leadership
- Journal scan
- Poem – மறுக்காதே மறவாதே
- Extraordinary Edition of the Kauverian