Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease that occurs in patients undergoing long-term treatment for Diabetes. It can affect individuals with both type-1 and type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetic retinopathy specifically targets the light-sensitive layer of the inner eye called the Retina. The Retina, being a neuronal layer, receives light impulses and sends them to the brain for processing into images.
The longer the duration of diabetes and the poorer the sugar control, the higher the risk of developing Diabetic Retinopathy. Additionally, having diabetes before or during pregnancy also increases the likelihood of diabetic retinopathy.
Elevated blood sugar levels over time can cause blockage in the blood vessels that supply the retina, resulting in the weakening of retinal vessel walls. This, in turn, leads to fluid leakage and swelling of the retina.
In some cases, new blood vessels may form in the retina, further increasing the risk of internal bleeding in the eye.
Types of Diabetic Retinopathy:
- Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Other Risk Factors:
- Hypertension
- Smoking
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Family history of Diabetes Mellitus
Symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy:
- Blurred vision
- Distorted vision
- Impaired colour vision (colours appear faded)
- Dark/empty areas in the visual field
- Floaters
When to get an Eye Test?
Diabetic Retinopathy may sometimes exist without any noticeable visual symptoms and may be incidentally diagnosed during routine eye examinations or general health check-ups. Once diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus, it is recommended to undergo yearly eye examinations, even if vision seems normal. Depending on the severity of Diabetic Retinopathy, the doctor will suggest various treatment options. However, sustained control of blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medications remains of utmost importance.
Dr. Sudha Bhuvaneshwari
Associate Consultant in Ophthalmology
Kauvery Hospital Chennai